Anglais Master 2 S3 A 2020-2021
Kursthemen
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Card contact
Teacher : SADEK –Meriem Dalila mail :adel2004@live.fr
Teaching Unit: D
Coefficient :1 Credits:1
Global hourly volume in the first semester : 15 hours
Global weekly working hours 1h.30 mn
Evaluation method: written test
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The General Objectives
The General objectives aspired in teaching (ESP) English for specific purpose as political English are as follows:
1-To help the students learn a second language.
1-To initiate the students to politics in English.
2-To develop basic language skills as reading, listening, and writing.
3-Develop their awareness of the importance of English as a means of international communication.
4-Develop positive attitude towards leaning English.
5-Develop language competence that enable the students to present the culture and civilization of their nation.
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The prerequisites
The students who are initiated in learning political English must have the following prerequisites:
1-The students must have at least a medium level in English to learn political English.
2-The students must have read at least two or three books or magazines in English even if these books are for beginners.
3-The learners must have listened to audiobook and recording in English to learn the pronunciation and understand what is being said.
4-The students must know how to use political English dictionaries to look for the information needed.
5-The students must be motivated to learn English
6-The students must be aware that they might need English in their future career .
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Table of Contents. M2
1-The Diplomacy
2-Foreign Relations
3-Keys to both texts “The Diplomacy “ and “Foreign Relations”
4-Foreign Minister
5-The treaty
6-Keys to both texts “Foreign Minister” and “The Treaty”
7-Algeria’s Relations with the European Union
8-Environmental Law
9-Keys to both texts “Algeria’s Relations with the European Union” and “Environmental Law”
10-General revision
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The Diplomacy
The term diplomacy refers to the fact of maintaining good relations between the governments of different countries. It is the skill of dealing with others without causing bad feeling. It can also be defined as the art and practice of conducting negotiation between representatives of states. It usually refers to international diplomacy; the conduct of international relations through the intercession of professional diplomats with regard to a full range of topical issues. International treaties are usually negotiated by diplomats prior to endorsement by national politicians. David Stevenson reports that by 1900 the term “diplomat” also covered diplomatic services, consular services and foreign ministry officials.
Modern diplomacy’s origin is often traced to the states of Italy in the early renaissance, with the first embassies being established in the thirteenth century under Francesco Sforza. From Italy the practice was spread across Europe. Milan was the first to send a representative to the court of France, in 1455. However, Milan refused to host French representatives fearing espionage and that the French representatives would intervene in its internal affairs. As foreign powers such as France and Spain became increasingly involved in Italian politics, the need to accept emissaries was recognized.
Diplomats rights were established in the mid-17th century in Europe and have spread throughout the world. These rights were formalized by the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations while on a diplomatic mission.
Diplomatic immunity : Perona non grata is the fact when a diplomat does commit a serious crime while in a host country , he may be declared as persona non grata (unwanted person ). Such diplomats are then often tried for the crime in their homeland
Diplomatic Bag: Diplomats have long been allowed to carry documents across borders without being searched. The mechanism for this is the so-called “diplomatic bag” or in some countries the “diplomatic pouch”.. While radio an digital communication have become more standard for embassies, diplomatic pouches are still quite common and some countries, including the United States, declare entire shipping containers, as diplomatic pouches to bring sensitive material ( often building supplies) into a country.
1-Activity one: Explain the following words:
Endorsement- to host - being persecuted – are tried.
2-Activity two: Say true or false and correct what is false.
A-Diplomats are concerned with specific issues to discuss in their homeland.
B-Modern diplomacy dates back to 1455.
C-The diplomats who commit crimes in a host country are tried by the judicial system of this country.
3-Activity three: Complete the following sentences.
host - diplomats - threats - safety – displeasure –countries – hostility
In time of ……………….diplomats are often withdrawn for reason of personal. ……………
as well as in some cases when the …………..country is friendly but there is a perceived
…………….. from internal dissidents. Ambassadors and other ………………..are
sometimes recalled temporarily by their home countries as a way to express……………… with the host country. In both cases, lower-level employees still remain to actually do the business of diplomacy.
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Foreign Relations
The term foreign evolved during the mid 13th century CE from ferren, foreyne “out of doors”, based on the old French forain “ outer, external, outdoor, remote” reflecting the sense of “not in one’s land” first attested in the late 14 th century CE. Spelling in English was altered in the 17th century, perhaps by influence of the words reign and sovereign. Both words were associated at the time with the most common office of monarch that determined foreign policy, a set of diplomatic goals that seeks to outline how a country will interact with other countries.
A country’s foreign policy, also called foreign relations or foreign affairs policy, consists of self- interest strategies chosen by the state to safeguard its national interests and to achieve goals within its international relations milieu. The approaches are strategically employed to interact with other countries. The study of such strategies is called foreign policy analysis.
In recent time , due to the deepening level of globalization and transnational activities, the states will also have to interact with non-states actors. The aforementioned interaction is evaluated and monitored in attempts to maximize benefits of multilateral international cooperation. Since the national interests are paramount , foreign policies are designed by the government through high level decision making processes, National interests accomplishment can occur as a result of peaceful cooperation with other nations or through exploitation.
Usually, creating foreign policy is the job of the head of government and the foreign minister( or equivalent). In some countries, the legislature also has considerable effects. Foreign policies of countries have varying rates of change and scopes of intent, which can be affected by factors that change the perceived national interests or even affect the stability the country itself. The foreign policy of one country can have profound and lasting impact on many other countries and on the course of international relations as a whole, such as the Monroe Doctrine conflicting with the mercantilist policies of 19th century European countries and the goals of independence of newly formed Central America and South American countries.
1-Explain the following words.
Deepening –aforementioned – rate – are paramount
2-Complete the following sentences.
a-Foreign relations or foreign affairs is the management of relationships and dealings between …………………
b-Since 1711, the term…………….has been taken to mean the art and practice of conducting negotiation between representatives of groups or nations
c-In former times, exactly from 1500 to 1700, ambassadors were often noblemen with little……………….experience and no expectation of a career in diplomacy.
3-Say true or false.
1-Foreign affairs have no impact on national interests.
2-Globalization decreased the rate of foreign relations.
3-The Monroe doctrine is a European law.
4-Put the right term in the right place.
Civil affairs – outside –diplomacy –foreign affairs – states- although
In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of …………..was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed “affairs”. Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed…………………(riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term………………..was applied to the management of temporary issues……………the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking………………into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. ………………originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern , these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states.
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Keys to Activities of“The Diplomacy” and “Foreign Relations”
A-Keys to activities of “ The Diplomacy”
1-Activity one: Explain the following words:
Endorsement- to host - being persecuted – are tried.
Endorsement : To give support – approval
To host : To receive people as guests.
Being persecuted : Being treated cruelly.
Are tried : A case examined in a law court which will decides whether a person is innocent or guilty.
2-Activity two: True or false and the correction of what is false.
A-Diplomats are concerned with specific issues to discuss in their homeland.
A-False. They discuss it in the foreign countries.
B-Modern diplomacy dates back to 1455.
B- It dates back to the thirtieth century.
C-The diplomats who commit crimes in a host country are tried by the judicial
system of this country.
C-They are tried in their homelands.
3- Activity three: The Completion of the paragraph.
host - diplomats - threat - safety – displeasure –countries – hostility
In time of hostility diplomats are often withdrawn for reason of personal safety as well in some cases when the host country is friendly but there is a perceived threat from internal dissidents. Ambassadors and others .diplomats are sometimes recalled temporarily by their home countries as a way to express displeasure with the host country. In both cases, lower-level employees still remain to actually do the business of diplomacy.
B-Keys to activities of “ Foreign Relations”
1- Activity one: Explain the following words: Deepening -aforementioned –rate- paramount
Deepening: Going far down in something- going profoundly
Aforementioned: Mentioned before
Rate: The speed of a movement
Paramount: Having a great importance.
2-Activity two: The Completion of the sentences.
a-Foreign relations or foreign affairs is the management of relationship and dealings between two countries.
b-Since 1711, the term diplomacy has been taken to mean the art and practice of conducting of negotiation between representatives of groups
c-In former times, exactly from 1500 to 1700, ambassadors were often noblemen with little foreign experience and no expectation of a career in diplomacy.
3-Activity three: Say true or false.
1-Foreign affairs have no impact on the national interests. False
1- Foreign Relations have a major influence on national interests
2-Globalization decreased the rate of the foreign relations. False
2- . Globalization increased the rate of the foreign relations
3-The Monroe doctrine is a European law. False
3-The Monroe doctrine is an American law
4-Activity four: Put the right term in the right place.
Civil affairs – outside –diplomacy –foreign affairs – states- although
In the 18th century, due to extreme turbulence in European diplomacy and ongoing conflicts, the practice of diplomacy was often fragmented by the necessity to deal with isolated issues, termed “affairs”. Therefore, while domestic management of such issues was termed civil affairs (riots, treasury shortfalls, and court intrigues), the term foreign affairs was applied to the management of temporary issues outside the sovereign realm. This term remained in widespread use in the English-speaking states into the 20th century, and remains the name of departments in several states that manage foreign relations. Although originally intended to describe short term management of a specific concern, these departments now manage all day-to-day and long-term international relations among states.
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The Treaty
The treaty is an agreement in international law entered into by actors into these laws, namely sovereign states and international organizations. A treaty may also be known as ( international ) agreement , protocol, covenant, convention, pact, or exchange of letters, among other names. Regardless terminology, all of these forms of agreements are under international laws, equally considered treaties and the rules are the same. It is also the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their relationship. Treaties can be closely compared to contracts, both are means of willing parties assuming obligations among themselves, and the party which fails to live up their obligations can be held liable under international laws.
Since the 19th century, most parties have followed a fairly consistent format. A treaty typically begins with a preamble describing the contracting parties and their joint objectives in executing the treaty as well as summarizing and underlying events such as the war. The end of the preamble and the start of the actual agreement is often signaled by the words “ have agreed as follows “. After the preamble comes numbered articles which contain the substance of the parties actual agreement. Each article heading usually encompasses a paragraph. The end of the treaty, the eschatocol or closing protocol is always signaled by “ in witness whereof” or “in faith of”. When the parties have affixed their signatures, it is followed by the words “Done at” then the site(s) of the treaty’s’ execution and the date of its execution . The date is typically written in its most formal and longest possible form. For example: The charter of the United Nation was “Done at the city of San Francisco the twenty sixth day of Jun, one thousand nine hundred and forty five”.
The most important treaties
Among the most substantial treaties that marked the world history are:
The Treaty of Versailles; signed on 28 June 1919 and was one of the most significant peace treaty that brought World War I to an end.
The Treaty of Rome: it is the treaty that established the European economic community (TEEC), signed on March 1957.
The Treaty of Paris: signed in 1783, it ended the American Revolution against the British Empire.
The Geneva Convention : It determined the Human Rights and was signed in 1949.
Activity one: Explain or give synonyms to the following words:
Agreement – to live up – the preamble - to encompass.
Activity two: Say true or false:
1-The treaties are agreements between parties with different objectives.
2-Most treaties have different formats.
3-In a treaty, articles are above the paragraphs
4-It doesn‘t matter if one party doesn’t sign at the end of the treaty.
Activity three: Complete the following paragraph:
A- The Russian Revolution – Palace - peace – ceremony- treaty
The treaty of Versailles was the …………..settlement signed after World War I had ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the ……………………and other events in Russia. The ………….was signed at the vast Versailles………………..near Paris, hence its title between Germany and the allies. The three most politicians that attended the ……………… were, David Lloyd George, George Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson
B- Agreed – colonies – treaty- recognized – sign
The American Revolution officially comes to an end when representatives of the United States, Great Britain, Spain and France…………….the …………..of Paris on this day in 1783. The signing signified America as a free nation, as Britain ………………………the independence of its thirteen former American ……………..and the boundaries of the new republic were…………upon Florida north to the Great Lake, and the Atlantic Coast West to the Mississippi River.
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Foreign Minister
A foreign minister or minister of foreign affairs is generally a cabinet minister in charge of state’s foreign policy and relations. In some nations such as India, the foreign minister is referred to as the “ Minister for External Affairs”, or as in the case of Brazil, “Minister of Foreign Affairs” and of the former Soviet Union , this position is known as the “ Minister of External Relations”. In the United States, the equivalent to the foreign ministry is called the “ Department of State”, and the equivalent position is called is known as the “secretary of state” . Other common titles may include “ Minister of Foreign Relations”. In many Spanish and Portuguese-speaking countries in Latin America, the foreign minister is colloquially called “ Canciller” .
A foreign minister’s power can vary from government to government. In a classic parliamentary system , a foreign minister can potentially exert significant influence in forming foreign policy, but when the government is dominated by a strong prime minister, the foreign minister may be limited to playing a more marginal or subsidiary role in determining policy. Similarly, the political powers invested in the foreign minister are often limited in presidential government with a strong executive branch. Since the end of World War II, it has been common for both foreign minister and defense minister to be part of an inner cabinet ( commonly known as a national security council) in order to coordinate defense and diplomatic policy. Although the 19th and early 20th centuries saw many heads of governments assume the foreign ministry, this practice has since become uncommon in most developed countries.
Along with, their political roles, foreign ministers are also traditionally responsible for many diplomatic duties, such as hosting foreign world leaders and going on state visits to other countries. The foreign minister is generally the most well-travelled member of any cabinet.
Activity one: Explain or give synonyms to the following words:
Colloquial – exert – subsidiary – inner.
Activity two: Say true or false and correct what is false.
1- A foreign minister has got the same title in every country.
2-Currently, the heads of governments don’t assume foreign ministries.
3- The fact of working together, both ministries, defense and foreign policy is no more practiced in modern time.
Activity three: Complete the following sentences:
Among, the functions of the minister of foreign affairs is to :
1-……………….relations with other states and international organizations.
2-……………….the interests of the nation abroad.
3-………………..the language abroad.
4-……………….policies adopted by the council of nation.
Activity four: Put the right words in the right place:
Nominated – regarded – minister of foreign affairs - department of state - foreign relation – a secretary of state.
In the United States of America, a…………………is a senior official ,of the federal Government, and as head of the US……………………….He is principally concerned with foreign policy, and is considered to be the US government’s equivalent of a …………………………….
The secretary of state is ……………………….by the president following a confirmation hearing before the Senate committee on ………………………and is confirmed by the United States Senate.. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of Treasury , the Secretary of Defense, and the Attorney General are generally……………………..as the four most important cabinet members because of the importance of their respective department.
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Keys to activities of both texts “The treaty” and “Foreign Minister”
A-Keys to activities of “The treaty”
Activity one: Explain or give synonyms to the following words:
An agreement – to live up – liable- the preamble - to encompass.
An agreement: an arrangement- a consensus
To live up: to respect
Liable: responsible
The preamble: an opening statement explaining the purpose of a book
To encompass: to comprise – to include
Activity two: Say true or false:
1-The treaties are agreements between parties with different objectives.
1-False. The treaties are agreement between parties with the same objectives.
2-Most treaties have different formats.
2-False. Most treaties have common formats
3-In a treaty, articles are above the paragraphs
3-True
4-It doesn‘t matter if one party doesn’t sign at the end of the treaty.
4-False. It is extremely important that all the parties sign at the end of the treaty, otherwise it will be invalidated.
Activity three: Complete the following paragraph:
A- The Russian Revolution – palace - peace – ceremony- treaty
The treaty of Versailles was the peace. settlement signed after World War I had ended in 1918 and in the shadow of the Russian Revolution and other events in Russia. The treaty .was signed at the vast Versailles palace .near Paris, hence its title between Germany and the allies. The three most politicians that attended the ceremony were, David Lloyd George, George Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson
B- Agreed – colonies – treaty- recognized – signed
The American Revolution officially came to an end when representatives of the United States, Great Britain, Spain and France signed .the treaty of Paris on this day in 1783. The signing signified America as a free nation, as Britain recognized the independence of its thirteen former American colonies and the boundaries of the new republic were agreed upon Florida north to the Great Lake, and the Atlantic Coast West to the Mississippi River.
B-Keys to activities of “Foreign Minister”
Activity one: Explain or give synonyms to the following words:
Colloquial – exert – subsidiary – inner
Colloquial :a language used in a conversation and not in a formal speech.
exert : to make pressure on someone to obtain something
subsidiary : secondary -supplementary
inner: insider- interior
Activity two: Say true or false and correct what is false.
1-A foreign minister has got the same title in every country.
1-False. A Foreign Minister has different title in different countries.
2-Currently, the heads of governments don’t assume foreign ministries.
2-True
1- The fact of working together, both ministries, defense and foreign policy is no more practiced in modern time.
3-True
Activity three: Complete the following sentences:
Among the functions of the minister of foreign affairs is to:
1-Maintain relations with other states and international organizations.
2-Represent the interests of the nation abroad.
3-Develop .the language abroad.
4-Implement policies adopted by the council of nation.
Activity four: Put the right words in the right place:
Nominated – regarded – minister of foreign affairs - department of state - foreign relation – a secretary of state.
In the United States of America, a secretary of state is a senior official of the federal government, and the head of the US department of state. He is principally concerned with foreign policy, and is considered to be the US government’s equivalent of a minister of foreign affairs
The secretary of state is nominated .by the president following a confirmation hearing before the Senate committee on foreign relations and is confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of State, along with the Secretary of Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, and the Attorney General are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet members because of the importance of their respective department.
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